E.M._y}u~{ (M{rp,

Ctpru~~z yyu{yz }xuz)

 

Iy pqturp r Qyy r XVII – ~pp|u XX r.:

Ctpru~~z y {~uy~p|~z pu{.

Nrz yxtpu|{yz u{

 

Ruuty~p XVII r. — psyu{u ru} r yyy {z pr|pr~z u{ry. R 1653 s. pyp Ny{~ y tuu|~z ttuw{u p @|u{u Mypz|ryp ~pp| rty u{r~ u}. O~r~p yy~p z u} ~y|p |yyu{yz pp{u: y stpr, y u{r yp|y ~uqty}} yruy qtr wyx~ {z u{ry r ruryu u{r~z p{y{z r~|pr~{y ~ptr, q quuy quuru~~u rwtu~yu y ~ptr r pr Q{s stprp. Qu}p rty|p t |x~s} rxrpu~y { ryxp~yz{y} {~}, t~p{ y~yypp} ~u rpy| yyu{s ttp: xp ~r u}yrp~y — y uu pq|~ t{pxp~ — q| rx ~u u{ tur~y suu{y y|y |pr~{y {~ys, {p{ ruwtp|y u}p, p u{ suu{y yxtp~yz XVII r. Duu|~ Ny{~p px wu rxrp|p ux{ {yy{ ~u~r, ~y qry~y|y pypp r {pxu ~py~p|~ {~uz y |py~yxpyy {z u{ry. Muwt u} u}p {pp|p y{|yu|~ qtrz ~ u{r~z wyx~y, ~y{p{ ~u xppsyrp ~r|pspy ts}pr pr|pry. Ix}u~u~y {~|y pp{up u|wu~y y {u~} x~p}u~yy, {|~r r ru} u{r~z |wq, ~ppr|u~y trywu~y y {u~ tp, } {up ~p up; trus ~u{} {pu~y u{ u{r~z |wq. B 1653–1656 s. q| rutu~ p{wu ypr|u~yu qs|wuq~ {~ys.

Np u{r~} qu 1666–1667 ss., ~p {} yrrp|y trp ru|u~{y pypp, u}p pypp Ny{~p q|p tqu~p. Rq ty| pu qt y utp| u{r~} {|y u, { p~y| ru~ «pz ruu» y p} qtp}. Sp{yu |ty p|y ~pxrp pqtp}y, y|y prup}y. Nu} ~p ru s~u~y, z {pz~u ru, {} yruwu~ py~ trusp|y ~p wu~yy y u |ry~z |uyz, pqtur ~u |{ p~y| t ~pus ru}u~y, ~ y r~u| ru}p x~pyu|~z r{|pt r { {|. Cuspy pqtu{y u|u~yz rprpu ~u |{ r Qy, ~ y u|z t xpquw~ p~: Kypz, Kp~pt, RY@, Apxy|y, A|yry, Tsrpz, @rp|y.

Npyq|uu s|q{u ~y}p~yu u~}u~p pqturp q| tp~ yy{} {z u{ry @.B.Kppur}. B ruz puz «R}| pqturp», ~pyp~~z r Ppywu r 1924 s., pr t{pxrpu, r pqturu ~pyq|uu |~ «pxy|p {p u|ysyx~p mentalite»[1]. Tu~z qppu r~y}p~yu ~p , «~y t~s yx yyp~{y ~ptr ~u ~pq|tpu | ~pwu~~s {|rs q|pssru~y, {p{ {y», y ur pqtur ry| r|u~yu} «p}z pp{u~z y u~~z u pr|pr~-{p|yu{z u|ysyx~y {s ~ptp»[2].

Oxyy u}u pypp Ny{~p px p|p ry~y}p {p{ p{ wyx~y ~u |{ u{r~z, {|{ stpru~~z. Q{u ut~uru{ru stpr ruz y q| u{pyu{y}. Np wu~yy rus XVII r. pr|pr~p u{r q|p u~ rxp~p stpr}; ~py~p Pup Bu|y{s ~p y rru xp~|p ty~u~~u ~u~y { stpr |wu~yu, p} p p| uu s|prz u{ry. R|utrpu|~, y ~uyyu yyp|~z u{ry p{rp| {p{ yr|u~yu stpr. ^y} qu|r} q~u y p y|p u|utrp~yz, {} p}s ~pp|p p|y trusp pqt.

Ixu~yu yyy pqturp ~pp| r uuty~u XIX r. Lyupp rp tp~ qy~p, r ~uz utpr|u~ trp ~r~ rxs|tp ~p pqtur: 1) {p{ ~p sq u|ysyx~u trywu~yu (}y|y Mp{pyz (A|sp{r), P.R.R}y~r, N.I.Rqqy~, E.E.C|qy~{yz, N.U.Kpuur, @.N.Py~, B.O.K|ur{yz, P.N.My|{r) y 2) {p{ ~p u|ysyx~ } yp|~s y |yyu{s up (R.Hu~{r{yz, C.U|r{yz, @ Y}u}p~). B yz{y y|utrp~y |ut~y tuy|uyz pqtur ~y}pu {p{ u|ysyx~-yp|~u r|u~yu. Nu |{ ~rz {~up|~z tt, ~ x~pyu|~z qu} ~r rr|u~~ y~y{r pr uut ru}u~~}y y|utrpu|}y xptp ~pyp~y quz yyy {s pqturp.

B utu|u~~z }uu ~rz yxtpu|{yz u{, y~yyyrp~~z My|yuz Q{z Ppr|pr~z Rpqtu{z Wu{ry, r|u ps} { p{} qqu~y.

 

^r|y pqturp ~p wu~yy ru{r utu||p yy~p}y {p{ r~u~~us, p{ y r~u~us pp{up.

K~uy~p|~z pu{ yyy pruy xp{|pu r pxtu|u~yy q~y{r tur~us q|psuy ~p ytuz~u uu~y (s|py) r xpryy}y ~u~y { } y|y y~} ruyrut~} y|y qtr} r. Rp}} s|pr~} y s|q{ y~yyp|~} q| pxtu|u~yu ~p rur y qurur, {~pu|~ }yruu { ~pp| XVIII r. O|yyu|~z uz ruu~y qurur r|u ytu q wu ruyru} rpu~yy p~yyp y rxp~~u y} utpr|u~yu urpruz q|pstpy ru~rp y u{pu~yy u{r~z yupyy. B tp|~uzu} qur{u ~ppr|u~yu pxtu|y| ~p t s|pyz, ~pyq|uu {~}y yx { q|y }{u, utuur{u y y|yr{u. Put}up}y ~~z |u}y{y }uwt ~p}y p|y r }|u~yy xp p y ~u~yy { qp{. I}u| }u y q|uu tq~u tu|u~yu, y~stp ru}p p~} rp}. Oqpxrp~yu ~r s|pyz, {p{ pry|, |p| sp~yxpy~~u }|u~yu, ru| { xtp~y ~r qy~ y p}r, ~r y{~y~ }pu{y, {~ysy~ u~r y yspyz. Nuqty} rutu~y |u}y{y y qwtu~y ~ rr rxrp|p { wyx~y qy~z |p pqtu{z |yup.

Ixu~yu yyy pqturp ~u }wu q sp~yu~ yxu~yu} r~u~~uz r|yy s trywu~y. Nu }u~uu rpw~} r|u stpru~~z pu{ yyy pqturp. S|{ r}uu~yu y tr pu{r xr|u tp qu{yr~u yx|wu~yy ruz yyy pqturp.

Pprru |wu~yu pqtur r Qyz{z y}uyy {pxrp| }u r|y~yu ~p }up|wu~yu, {|yur y ru} urrp~y pqtu{y u~r, ~p yp|~z pr tp~~z s ~pu|u~y.

Pu|utrp~y ~u s|p~ ~ppruz r 1653 s. u{r~z u}z |utrp|y ~uxp}ut|yu|~. A|y r|p~ yx M{r uy{ Ppru| K|}u~{yz, Irp~ Nu~r, Dp~yy| y @rrp{}. P|u Rqp 1666–1667 ss. u|utrp~yu pqtur q| xp{u|u~ xp{~tpu|~. P tuzrrpru} stp «T|wu~y» 1649 s., xp u|u~y yr ru y u{ry |psp|p }u~p {px~. ^p p q|p pp~u~p ~p pqtur. A|y {px~u~ rutyu yu| pqturp: y~{ @rpp}yz (1672), q~ Mxrp, Ert{y Trp, Mpy Dp~y|rp (1675). Dsyu rwty – @rrp{} y Lpxp, t{~ Uut, y~{ Eyp~yz q|y |p~ r tp|u{yz Pxu{, xp P|~} {s}.

Py{ yr~y pqturp y stpru~~z r|py yty ~p 1680-u ss. B 1682 s. ru spwtp~u p~ t|w~ q|y y~uy ys ~p ru~ ~r} stp} – Irp~ y Pu @|u{uuryp}. ^ r q| t| yr~y{r u{r~z u} y~yyp|~}: ~y uqrp|y y~uy ys r|py, { ~y yp|y ~uq|psuyrz y, |utrpu|~, ys~ uz ~u }s|y. O{px ysy r|u{ xp qz y{ r|~ {r ruz Qyy, u|utrp~y p|y }pr}y. I}u~~ ~p uyt 1682–1684 ss. yty qó|p p p~yry r pyrp |utru~~ tu| pqtp.

^p { u|utrp~yz rz |ry~ XVII r. }yrp|p suspy pqtu{s trywu~y. Bu uru u~ pruy rx~y{|y ~p {py~p Qyy. Bpw~ tu{~, p~~ yy pqturp q|p ru~p uu}ru~~ ~u~y { tur~y} {y} qyu|}. Butyu yx y }~p{y u~r tryw~y{y (Ir Lsr{yz, ys}u~ Dyuz, y~{y K~y|yz, Kyy||) uutp|y |uty} {|u~y} pqtur ptyyy ry ~ppr~y{r y qu~~y pr~z p{y{y y u{r~z wyx~y tp{|~s uytp.

R ~pp|} u} Pup I y u{pu~yu} { s~u~yz ~pp| ~rz uyt r yyy pqturp – uyt xytp~y, sp~yxpyy quwyu|r, xzru~~z, u|ysyx~z y {|~z tuu|~y. `{y} y}u} ~r t| pqturp rx}w~uz p| Bsr{u quwyu|r, rx~y{uu r 1694 s. r P}u. Twu uux ~u{|{ |u q| qy~u u|u~yu ~pu|u~yu} r 2 y u|ru{, p|pspruu qy~} }~sp|ur} xzr}, r{|pry} xu}|utu|yu, {rtr, , }{yu q~u y xruy~u }|; q|y xtp~ ru ~uqty}u }~p{yu |wq. P~u {~}yu{u ~rp~yu xr|y| wyu|} Bsp ury sp~tyx~ {|~ sp}}.

Bs-Lu{y~{u quwyu|r p| s|pr~} ytuz~} u~} qurrp. Htu q|y rpqp~, }|yrp~ y q~rp~ s|pr~u y~y s ruu~y: uy tr~s p~yyp, ytu r~wtu~~s ry ru~rp, rtu|u~yu ~w~-uq~ py~r ({uu~y y {p~y) y q~rp~yu {p~~yu{z rx}w~y y ruu~y «up}y», qpxrp~yu y~yp tr~s ~ppr~yurp.

O~rpu|y Bsp y y |utrpu|y }u|y ury }ppq~ sp}} {|~s yu|rp: uty ~uty} |ur y q| q|y xtp~ {| t| qu~y sp}u y u~y, qp~p qyq|yu{p u~~uzy {yuz y {~ys, rx~y{|y qru~~p |yup~p {|p, {~ysyp~yu y y{~yp~yu, |yu }ut~ y{~, rpqp~ ~ury}z twuru~~z y|.

P|u tp pryu|ru~~ }u rz uruy XIX r., ~ppr|u~~ ~p tr {~}yu{y ~r urrp~y Bsp y }u~u~yu y|p us wyu|uz, p p{wu |u xp{y q~ pru~ r 1856–1857 ss. y rrxp r Puxprt{ {~ys y y{~ {~uzyz u~ pruy p{yu{y uup| urrp.

A|p | r yyy pqturp y~pt|uwy y {~} r{y} u~p} (ts} s|pr~} ~ppr|u~y r pqturu). K y y| y~pt|uwp Kuwu~u – qy~p }u~ r ~ywust{} Hpr|wu, ~pxrp~~p p{ u{puz xtu u{u Kuwu~u; Rptqu y Bu{p, ~p xpptu Qyy.

Py}u} u~z xpryy}y yyy pqtu{y u~r pryu|ru~~z |yy{y ~u~y { pqtp} r|u yy Isyxp, u|s pqtu{s pz~p r Hpr|wu, ~p u{u Isyx. Npp| u} |wy| }p~yu E{puy~ II 1762 s. uuu|u~yy r Qy p~uu rupry xp quw yz{y ttp~~. Q{rtr y} rpzy} pxuu~yu}, r Hpr|wu uuu|y|y pqt yx Bu{y y Rptq. Npt {u~{y}y u|u~y}y xtu rx~y{|y y q|y }~p y ~u{|{ {yr, {u y ~p 50 |u p|y s|pr~} tr~} u~} r{s ~ppr|u~y r pqturu. B {~u 20- ss. XIX r. uwtu ||~u ~u~yu r|puz { Isyx{y} }~p} yx}u~y|: ~u{u yx ~y uqpxrp|y r uty~ruu{yu, tsyu q|y xp{.

Rxtp~yu {~ pqtu{y u~r r |yp ~y { 70-} ss. XVIII r. y q| rxp~ uwtu rus |pq|u~yu} stpru~~z |yy{y yu~u~y ~~y{r pz ru y E{puy~u II.

B M{ru r 1771 s. q| ~rp~ Qsw{u {|ptqyu, t ust~~us t~ p~yruu |wu~yu s|pr~s u~p pqtur-rur (~~u uxytu~y }y|yp M{r{s y ru Qy). Twu { 1810-} ss. xtu |wy| ru|yuru~~z p}rz {}|u{, {wu~~z }~sy|u~~}y wy|}y z{p}y-«{u|}y». K } wu ru}u~y ~y y qspu r~u~~uu qp~r ru u p}r; ~ r{|p| {p{ py~~u y{~, wurrp~~u ywp~p}y, p{ y yxrutu~y y{~yur quwp XVIIIXIX rr., ~pyp~~u r tur~y ptyy. B 1825 s. sw{yu p} up|y 68 u|ru{.

Sp{u rup~yu pqturp ~u }s| ~u rxrp ~uspyr~s ~u~y ru{y y u{r~ r|puz, {u r pqturu rytu|y sx }sur yyp|~z u{ry. B 1826 s. pqtp} xpuy|y y~y}p ru~~y{r yx struz u{ry, sxy| ru}u~u} ru pqtur urpy r qurur. ^ r r uut xppry| pqtur M{r y Puuqsp ~ppry y|y ~p uu~yu tp~~z q|u}. P|u yuty~u~y { pqtur r 1846 s. A~-Rppur{s }y|yp @}ry y pr|u~y y} tr uy{r q|p xtp~p p}u|~p Au|{y~y{p yupy. B 1856 s., q «psp~t p{|p», r|py upp|y p|py Qsw{y p}r, .u. |~u~~p |wqp r ~y ~u }s|p rup. Pupy q|y ~ |{ |ru{p , 16 pu| 1905 s., ~p{p~~u q~ptrp~y rpzus {pxp «Oq {u|u~yy ~r ruuy}y». R 1905 1917 s. t|y| ~ut|syz uyt rxwtu~y pqturp, {z y~ ~pxrp «x|} tuy|uyu}». B uyt y Qsw{} u~u q|y { ~pp|~u y|yu y {|p u~y, uy{|p~z qs|r{-yu|{yz Rpqtu{yz y~y (1912), yspy (1910), Oqur sru~ur y p}p Qsw{s {|ptqyp (1906), p|y rup {u~u t, pqp|p K}yyy p~u~y tur~uz y ut{uz p}r qy~ Qsw{s {|ptqyp (1911–1917).

K~uzy} quyz{y} u~} utuurur p| Puqpwu~{u {|ptqyu r M{ru. Iy us rx~y{~ru~y, p{wu {p{ y Qsw{s {|ptqyp, rxp~p ytu}yuz } r 1771 s., {stp psyu{p ~uqty} xppry|p }{r{yu r|py rpzus pxuu~y ruy pqtp} }u t suqu~yu y t~ruur. K ~pp| XIX r. p uyy urpy|p r trp q|y }~p – }w{z y wu~{yz, pxtu|u~~u qru~~ {|ptqyu}. Oqpx} t| }{r{y utuurur |wy| Bs-Lu{y~{u }{u quwyu|r, {u r ruz p~~uz yyy (t 30- ss. XVIII r.) p}pyrp| {p{ tr~z y{ ru qur{y s|pyz. B 1809 s. u~ r Puqpwu~{} |y| yyp|~z p Puqpwu~{s qsptu|u~~s t}p, xr|y| pqtp} p}y} ruy ry tr~u y xzru~~u tu|p. Puqpwu~{p qy~p r ru} ~pyrp|p t 1,5 y wyry r qyu|y y {| 10 ywp~ M{ru. R uuty~ 1830- ss. Puqpwu~{yz u~ r |~z }uu yp| ~p uqu wu{ pryu|ru~~z |yy{y «qq p{|}»: q|y trp~ y~p~ru ~r urrp~y qsptu|u~~s t}p (1850), r|p~ yx M{r s|pr~u uyu|y y tr~u (1853–1854), qp~ y uutp~ uty~rup} }w{z }~p (1866). S|{ |u 1905 s. Puqpwu~{yz u~ |y| |~u~~u rx}w~y t| rus r~u~~us pxryy. Htu p{wu q|y sp~yxrp~ {|, yspy, q|psryu|~u qurp.

Iy u {~uzy pqtu{y u~r, { } p{pxp|y, ~ps|t~ {pxrpu, {| u~ y yy (y tsy u~r p{wu) xpryu|p pryu|ru~~z |yy{y. Dpr|u~yu r|puz ~p pqtur, y qy~ y u|u~y r~wtp| yr~y{r u{r~z u} ty ru tp|u y tp|u «rurytus stpru~~s {p», |utryu} us p| ru~yu pqtp}y ~r xu}u| ~p B{u Qyy, y uuu|u~yu ~p Dp|~yz B{, p xwu y r tsyu p~ y usy~ – Kypz, Mp~wy, @rp|y, Ruru~ y _w~ @}uy{.

 

It yx ruyx|wu~~s, }w~ ut|wy |ut uytyxpy tur|y~~z (t 1917 s.) yyy pqturp:

I. Bp |ry~p XVII r. – uyt { s~u~yz ~p pqtur. Npp| }yrp~y {~ pqtu{y u~r ~p {py~p stprp.

II. 1700-u – 1760-u ss. – p~r|u~yu {~ pqtu{y u~r (Bs, Kuwu~u, Bu{p, Rptqu, ~rst{-{r{yu xu}|y). Qpxtu|u~yu ~p s|py.

III. 1770-u – uuty~p 1820- ss. – sp~yxpy pqtu{y u~r r stp, r } y|u M{ru y Puuqsu; yyp|~u urrp~yu qy~, u~u rxy {uur}, xtp~yu q|psryu|~ uwtu~yz.

IV. Bp |ry~p 1820- – 1850-u ss. – p{yr~u rutu~yu stpr} |yy{y «qq p{|}». Hp{yu y|y uru~~u sp~yu~yu tuu|~y pqtu{y u~r.

V. 1860-u ss. – t 1905 s. – ~u{u |pq|u~yu uuyr~z |yy{y stprp, y~yu tp xp{~tpu|~ p{r pqtu{} r. B~u~~uu pxryyu pqtu{y qy~.

VI. 1905–1917 ss. – rxwtu~yu pqturp. Qusypy qy~, yu|r p}r, y{p quru~~p, {|~p, qpxrpu|~p y q|psryu|~p tuu|~.

«Ctpru~~z» y~y ut|wu~~z uytyxpyy yyy pqturp ry ru}p u|yr, u|y } y}u} r r~y}p~yu tu|u~yu yyy Qyy ~p prrp~y y pp{u r~u~~uz |yy{y prrpry q. Purz uyt ruu| rptpu tur{z z; rz ~py~pu p}u|~s prrp~y Pup I. Suyz rprpu trp wu~~ «|yqup|~» prrp~y – E{puy~ II y @|u{p~tp I. Xuruz ry} ~|syu{y} p}{p} y y |~ ruru {~urpyr~} prrp~y Ny{|p I. R z Bu|y{y u} @|u{p~tp II ~py~pu z uyt. I, ~p{~u, uz q|r|u~ utur|y~~z ypyuz, x~p}u~rpruz qz {~u pr|u~y Ny{|p II.

 

Ctpru~~z pu{ yxu~y yyy pruy, ~p ~p rxs|t, |utu ~y}p r tr |p~p. R t~z ~, }w~ p}pyrp stpru~~ |yy{ {p{ p{, {pxrpryz uru~~u r|y~yu ~p }yrp~yu suspyy pqtu{s trywu~y y us ~r~ u~r. R tsz ~, }w~ ut|wy q|u}~z tt, ~ppr|u~~z ~p rr|u~yu }up y |y pqtur r qustpru~~ qy y quz yyy stprp.

Qpxpq{p tq~z q|u}py{y p|p rx}w~z r |ut~uu ru} q|pstp ~r}, q|uu qu{yr~} rxs|t ~p pqtur y rrutu~y r ~p~z q ~r y~y{r.

 

B~y}pu|~u y ~uutrxu p}u~yu t{}u~p|~s }puyp|p urz |ry~ XIX r. {pxp|, }{r{u pqtur r ru} ~u~yy { ~pury Np|u~p ~yu} ~u |yp| q|y~rp ry uuru~~y{r[3]. Rpqt, {p{ y tsyu utpryu|y }{r{s {uurp, ut wurrp|y ~p ~wt rz~ 1812 s., yu} y y| wurrpu|uz, y r~uu~~} }}p} ~y xp~y}p|y ryt~u }u. B q|y~ru ru} pqt, {p{ y tsyu |y~u wyu|y, {y~|y M{r uut r|u~yu} r st ~uyu|. Rpqtur ~u r «y{p yx}u~~y{r», pr|ry }{r{y}y r|p}y |u rqwtu~y stp. B ~utpr~ q|y{rp~~z tr}~z tq{u t{}u~r Wu~p|~s yyu{s pyrp s. M{r «M{rp y Ouuru~~p rz~p 1812 stp»[4] ~u ~y t~s t{}u~p, {z tuwp| q ~p}u{ ~p uttyu|~u rutu~yu pqtur r ru} {{pyy M{r p~x{y}y rz{p}y.

Rtqp pqtu{y p}r y qsptu|u~ q|p t~p tsy}y: }{p }|u~~p ~p P{r{z |yu |~ rsu|p, Qsw{u y Puqpwu~{u {|ptqyp ~u ptp|y wpp, {|{ ~pty|y xp Kp}u-K||uw{y} rp|}.

Wu~~}y yyu{y}y p}~y{p}y p|y tru y{~ p}p Qwturp Vyrp ~p Qsw{} {|ptqyu. O~y uuwy|y ~puryu ~uyu|, u} xwu ~p ~y q|y tu|p~ p}~u ~ptyy. B p|pu ~pty| }u~z wyyz~z qpx r. Ny{| Xtrp, uuq~z {|pt {s tyryu|~} qpx} u|u|, u} q|p tu|p~p ~pty ~p qu y{~. «R|ut ~uyrrp ~uyu|uz» r rytu y qr ~p truy r typ{~~y{, pr|u~~u, {p{ {pxp~ r ~ptyy, «u~q 3 t~ 1812 stp», p{wu rusp tw |usu~t, Qsw{u {|ptqyu p~y| r u|y, {|{ {q pu|~ p~| ~uyu|u}. Oqu }~u y{~ }w~ rytu y ~~u.

R qy}y 1812 s. q| u~} qpx} rxp~ utpryu| yxru~z pqtu{z u}y P{yz D}yyury Yu|py~ (1777–1828), }{r{yz 1-z sy|tyy {u, {}}uyy ru~y{. D ~pury p~xr ~ y|~| t|w~ }{r{s strs p y rxrpu~yy yx rp{pyy 31 {q 1812 s. q| ~px~pu~ y|~ t|w~ st{s s|r y y|~| uu r p}u ruru~~u ru} (t ru~ 1813 s.).

Nu} ~p ~uyx~u~~u ~u~yu { pqtp} ~ stprp ~p wu~yy rus XIX r., pqt r q|y~ru ru} rustp ttuwyrp|y stpru~~ |yy{: ~y rpwp|y ru~ttp~~yu{yu rrp r u|usp}}p, {u |p|y r Puuqs y r «pqu|~u» t~y, y q} |p}; ttuwyrp|y pryu|ru~~ |yy{ r ru} |{s rp~y 1863 s., wurrp|y ~p ~wt K}{z y {-u{z rz~, rty|y }|uq~ xtpryy pruz ty~pyy r rxy y{|yu|~}y qy}y, u}y|y uty q|psryu|~u xprutu~y, ~yu y}u~p utpryu|uz D}p Q}p~r.

Qsw{p qy~p px {|y{~|p ~p ~pp| {-~{z rz~. 8 urp| 1904 s. r Qwturu~{} p}u | «}|uqryu tprp~yy qut ~p rpsp stp y}up y us y|qyr} ry~r», q| rutu~ pu|~z q «r |x p~u~ y q|~ {y ry~r ~p Dp|~u} B{u»; qp~~u 2132 q. 84 {. uutp|y r pwu~yu ru|y{z {~sy~y E|yxpru Uutr~. Rpy~p rq~ U.R.Qp}p~r qpy| { sw{y} pqtp} rxxrp~yu}, {u q| upp~ |ysp{y} q} y |y| y{u pp~u~yu[5].

B ru} Purz }yrz rz~ r pqtu{y p}p ty|y }|uq~ « qutu ~p rpsy» y {u~u t. 8 y| 1915 s. ~p Qsw{u {|ptqyu | {u~z t yx ru 16 pqtu{y p}r M{r y ~p |pty uut p}} B{uu~y Vyrp | }|uqryu « ~y|p~yy us y}up{} ru|yur, y|qyr} {} ry~r y x~} rz{p} qut ~pt rps}». 28 prsp 1915 s., r ru} pq Oru~~s qp, {~p~yy |ysyy r P{r{} p}u q| ruu~ «q~u {u~} t}» ~p |pty uut {|{|~uz «}|uqu~ qutu ~p pr» y y}u~y Rqp q|y |p~ u|usp}} y}up Ny{|p II y s|pr~{}p~tu} rz{p}y Kpr{px{s ~p ru|y{} {~x Ny{|p Ny{|pury (}|ptu}). Py M{r{z pqtu{z qy~u Qsw{s {|ptqyp q| u~ |pxpu t| q|~ y p~u~ {y ry~r; ty~} |yp} xp ty y up pyuy{p Ip~~p qyp|y utrp ~p tu|{ y |~u qtrp~yu |pxpup y us tuwp~yu. R 26 prsp 1914 s. 1 ~rp 1915 s. |pxpu y~| 279 p~u~, r ut~u} uwut~ur~ r ~u} ~pty|y 69 u|ru{[6].

Rpqt yxrp|y r { p}y y, |utrpu|~, y~y}p|y pyu r ru rz~p, {u ru|p Qy r XIX – ~pp|u XX r.

Lusu~tp~} suu} Purz }yrz rz~ p| {pxp{ p~y T-Vv{p Bz{p D~{s Kx}p K{r. B uru wu t~y rz~ – 12 prsp 1914 s. – {| |{s stp Kp|rpy pxuxt 3-us D~{s {pxpus |{p y}u~y E}p{p Sy}uurp t {}p~trp~yu} y{px~s Kx} K{rp |{~| pxuxt} su}p~{y |p~. Nu} ~p y|u~~u urtr su}p~ur – 27 rpt~y{r yr 4, ~y q|y quwtu~. Kx}p K{r |y| 16 {| p~. O~ p| ur} susyur{y} {prp|u} Q{z p}yy: q| ~pspwtu~ Cusyur{y} {u}. Oqpx su-{pxp{p (prtp, us y~pt|uw~ { pqtur ~u pyyrp|p) y}u| ru~pt~ |~ q|pstp }~sy|u~~z ypw~z t{yy – |p{pp}, {{p} y spy} us yxqpwu~yu}. Ptrys Kx} K{rp xpup|u~ y r ru}u~~} p}~y{u (pyu{ @~tuz Krp|{), {} r M{ru ~p P{|~~z su r 2014 s., r 100-|u~ stry~ ~pp|p Purz }yrz rz~.

B y}up{z p}yy ptyy~~ urrp| y~y ru~~ ru~~y{r, {u, ~~} yy~p}, ~px~pp|y |y yx struz u{ry. Putpryu|} pqtu{z Au|{y~y{z yupyy y| y|wy ~u}p| y|yz, q y xp ry~p}y-pqtp}y q| yx~p~ pr tr|ur tr~u uq~y ry ru~~y{r.

A|p xp|sp r } y~pt|uwy ru~~y{ yx R}|u~{z xu}|y Dy}yy Mpy~yp~ry R}y~r ({. 1857 – |u 1928). C|pr~p t~ xp{|p|p r }, yyp|~ stpr ~u yx~prp| pr tr~s |ry xp pqtu{y}y ru~~y{p}y, y} ~u pxup| ~y q|pu~yu, ruy q|y~u qs|wu~y. Ot~p{ wu r uru t~y rz~ M{r{p pyuy{y |p rx}w~} pry q tr ru~~|wyu|uz ~p }p~w{yz ~, r|~u ux~~ |psp, ~p }uu, uut |y} rz~ y }uy, r qtu uu~. I tuzryu|~, q|pstp ~pzyry . Dy}yy R}y~rp, tutus ry}y u~y}y t ry ru~~ y~p~yz, pqt – p~y{y {-~{z rz~ }s|y |y tr~u uu~yu p} qtp}[7].

B pyru Qsw{s {|ptqyp (QCA) p~y| 10 yu} . Dy}yy, ~pyp~~ yx Vpqy~p 2 {q 1904 8 }p 1905 s. y pturp~~ r M{r yxru~} pqtu{y} tuu|}, r } y|u pyuy{ Ip~~ (Kpy~) y u{up pyuy{yy typ{~ @|u{u P{ury Aspu~{r, qtu} uy{ @|u{p~t ( 4 y}p). K z tq{u y}{pu y} rs ru~~y{p . Erpy E{y~p { pyuy{ Ip~~ 28 }p 1904 s yx Vpqy~p.

B Mp~wy, ut|ur ru t~y y, qp ru~~y{p yup|y ~u xt~uu }pp 1904 s. xtu ~y q|y wu ~p Pp 28 }pp. O~y }s|y up y~ru |pxpu, ~ t| uxtp ~p xyyy y} q| ~uqty} |y yyp|~z p. R q|y} t} . Dy}yyz |{ { uuty~u u~q 1904 s. |y| { r M{tu~ t| utpr|u~y s|pr~{}p~tu} {z p}yuz r Mp~wyy su~up|-ptp~ @|u{u Ny{|pury Kp{y~. ^p uxt{p y|p ~p ru}p s , {stp |y~y ~p ty|p r ~uutru~~z q|yxy { M{tu~.

B uxt{ ru~~y{ Dy}yyz R}y~r ~u tqy| {~pu|~s uu~y rus rp; } urrp| y~tp|~z yuuz C|qur, ru~~u ~pp|r wu q| p}u|~ uy «pqtu{yz» r y ut|psp| yp u~yu qu-{ Ry~tp K.P.Pqut~ur. O. Dy}yyz {y~| M{tu~ 25 u~q. B y}u ~ {p{ yp| ry tw~u rup|u~y: «R|tpy{y wyr ~p {} rxtu, p ~pp|r r |p{p. Kstp up| r Vpqy~, yrux|y ~u{|{ r, ~ {p| yx }, {|{ q |utrp|. 24-s r Vpqy~u q| y|~z }x y|~uzy} ru} y rp| ~us, yq|yxyu|~ 4 ru{p, ~ r M{tu~u q|p |~u~p |t~p y q~p stp».

P| |p }up, ~ tu| ru uu ~u ~pty| uu~y. 8 ~q . Dy}yyz ~rp rup| r M{tu~ ~p ptyu~y { @.N.Kp{y~. Suu, {stp {p p}y y|p y~yypyr y uu|p pwu~yu, {}p~trp~yu ~u |{ ~u rxpwp|, ~, ~pq, yp| ru}p wu|pu|~}, q pqtu{yu ru~~y{y tr~ ttuwp|y ry~r-pqtur (x~pyu|~ p p}yy pr||y yqy{y y {pxp{y), t~p{ tu| ru pr~ xpsyrp|y q{pyu{yu r|{y. Duu|~u rryu . Dy}yyz ruy| |y, xp~y}pry p~u~}y, y utpryu|uz Kp~s Kup y |y| { r ru |pxpu. B{u wu|pu}u pxuu~yu ~p tuu|~ pqtu{y ru~~y{r rus {}p~trp~y q| |u~, ~u ruy|p rxpwu~y tpwu y qp {yy pqtu{s }|yru~~s t}p. B z rxy 2 ~rp 1905 s. . Dy}yyz y| @.P.Aspu~{rp y|p ~uqty}u qs|wuq~u {~ysy, p p{wu «}|uqu~ qutu, ry~ru y xp p xp{pwyu {uu yp y y|yu. ^ ~w~. Mwu q, ytu |wy q|y~».

B y}p . Dy}yy R}y~rp, ~~} yy~p}, } ~u ~pztu} ~y{p{y tq~uz ru~~ tuzryz. B {p{z- uu~y y y}p pwp pyryz r quru pyyx} y ru r }wur {s |tpp y ~uquty} {s wy.

Drp |ut~y y}p yx p~yruz tq{y ~ { ru~u 1905 s. y pturp~ pyuy{ Ip~~. B y}u 23 pu| 1905 s. . Dy}yyz R}y~r yp| z tr~z pty, { yp|, x~pr pupp~yy p|puz r p}p Qsw{s {|ptqyp. D| pqtu{y ru~~y{r q| p}} pt~} qyu} xp ru ru} y uqrp~y ~p {-~{z rz~u. P|ut~uu y} tpyu 8 }p y xp{p~yrpu |rp}y: «Suu ~p yy~p. Gtu} pwu~yz». Hp z pxz, {~u~, |p ~ptuwtp ~p qut. Ot~p{ ruuty, wu uux 6 t~uz, q|p Wy}p (14–15 }p 1905 s.). 23 prsp 1905 s. q| typ~ P}{yz }y.

Puqrp~yu pqtu{y ru~~y{r ~p Dp|~u} B{u y |u~~z y}y s{yz y}u| q|u x~pu~yu. O. Dy}yyz R}y~r | y{r pqy~{z qu|{y~y{z qy~. B 1906–1908 ss. ~ y~y}p| p{yr~u pyu r sp~yxpyy uuu|u~y pqtur ~p Dp|~yz B{. Npprp r 1914 s. Purp }yrp rz~p p{wu ruqrp|p us x~p~y y }u~y. O~ ~rp {pxp| ~p ~u, r y|u wu uy pqtu{y yuuur, upry ~p uutr y|~ rz ru~~yu{yz t|s.

 

Eu t~p p{p|~p q|u}p yxu~y pqturp xp{|pu r y|utrp~yy rus u{p |yyu{y rxs|tr, }yrpry r z utu ~p{p~~u y r ru} ur|y~~ qyz 1917 s. ^p u}p ~wtpu r }p{y}p|~} rr|u~yy y~y{r, y p~p|yxu y q|y{pyy.

 

B ~pxrp~yu t{|ptp r~uu~ {~uy~p|~z y stpru~~z pu{ yyy pqturp, t~p{ |utu qpy r~y}p~yu y ~p u {|. Htu x~pu~yu pqturp t~ uuu~y.

B ~r} yxtpu|{} u{u ~pt yx|wu~yu} yyy pqturp ut|pspu p{wu p}u ~r~u ~ppr|u~y pqtu{z {|, – {~yw~, y{~yp~yu, }x{. ^p p {~ysy utpr|u u~ rpw~z, p{ xtu }w~ qtu {pxp s}~z r{|pt, {z r~u| pqtur r p~u~yu p}~y{r tur~u{z {| y p}z ptyyy {~ys- y y{~yp~y, u~y, u{r~s qytp. Nuqty} tu{~, pqtu{yu }pup t|wy|y y ptyyy, rxtpr p}~y{y r{s twuru~~s ty~rp y quuyr u} p}} «rx ru}u~» tpwu ru}u~~} u{r~} y{r.

Hp{|yu|~z pxtu| {~ysy-p|q}p ut|pspu ry |t} – {u~p} y {p}, rtpy} tuu|} pqturp. Qp{px ~y xr|y {pxp r{|pt pqturp r pxryyu uuru~~z }|u~~y y sr|y (Mxr, Qqy~{yu, C{r, Ay{r), q|psryu|~y y }uu~prp (R|tpu~{r, Qp}p~r, Mxr), {||u{y~yrp~y (I.B.Ru|{r, E.E.Esr, P.@.Ory~y{r, @.B.Mxr). Gyx~ y tuu|~ ~puy{r I.C.Kpqp~rp, S.@.Vty~p, L.U.Pysy~p, D.B.Aprp rytuu|ru q|} ru{} u~yp|u pqturp y ~ps|t~ {pxrpu, {|p ~yxrp|p ru yp|~u |y {s qurp.

 

Sp{y} qpx}, yxu~yu yyy y {| pqturp {pxrpu, {| u~ p p ~pu|u~y Qyy, p~yrp ru~ tur~u} q|psuy, q|p rxp~p yyuz y {|z rus Qyz{s stprp. Rxytpu|~p ~usy pqtur q|p ~ppr|u~p ru~yu ~r xu}u|, ~p pxryyu {~}y{y, sr|y, {u~{s xzrp. Qu|ysyx~u y yu{yu rxs|t ~~y{r pz ru qrrp|y }, ry y~p~ru rx}w~y ~y ut py|y ~p ttuw{ ry qy~ y p}r, ~p ~wt q|psryu|~y, ruu~y y {|.

 



[1] Kppur @.B. R}| pqturp // Wu{r. M., 1992. ? 2. R. 19. Buru q|y{rp~: Rq~y{ puz, ru~~ P.A.Rru. Ppsp, 1925.

[2] Kppur @.B. R}| pqturp. R. 19–20.

[3] R}.: _y}u~{ E.M. M{r{yu pqt r 1812 st: }y y p{ // ^p 1812 stp r tqp Qyy y Er: Mpuyp| Muwt~pt~z ~p~z {~uu~yy (M{rp, 8–11 {q 2012 s.). M., 2013. R. 320–329.

[4] M{rp y Ouuru~~p rz~p 1812 stp. B 2- . M., 2011–2012.

[5] _y}u~{ E.M. Rpqtu{yz u~ xp Qsw{z xppr. 2-u yxt. M., 2012. R. 88–89.

[6] Sp} wu. R. 90–91.

[7] R}.: _y}u~{ E.M. 1) Py}p pqtu{s ru~~y{p Dy}yy R}y~rp {-~{z rz~ 1904–1905 ss. // Rpqtur Ryqyy y Dp|~us B{p. Iy y ru}u~~. Mu~u ptyyy. Q{yu y xpquw~u rxy: Mpuyp| uruz }uwt~pt~z ~p~z {~uu~yy 14–17 u~q 2004 s. B|ptyr{, 2004. R. 46–59; 2) Rpqtu{yz ru~~y{ Dy}yyz R}y~r y us y}p {-~{z rz~ 1904–1905 ss. // Rpqtur r Qyy (XVII–XX rr.). M., 2010. B. 4. R. 90–122.